Applications of the PRECEDE–PROCEED Model in Older Adults’ Mental Health: An Exploratory Bibliographic Map

Mapping PRECEDE–PROCEED for Older Adults’ Mental Health

Abstract

The PRECEDE–PROCEED model (PPM) is an ecological framework for planning and evaluating health promotion programs. This study aimed to create an exploratory bibliographic map of PPM applications in older adults’ mental health. Nine search queries covered the model’s name, older-adult terms, and mental-health outcome terms Searches were conducted in Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection on October 31, 2023. After deduplication, 200 records were retrieved, and abstract screening retained 16 as potentially relevant; 10 are described here. The remaining six records were excluded after full-text assessment because they did not explicitly apply the PPM (n=3), focused on populations under 60 years (n=2), or were duplicate conference abstracts of studies already included as full-text articles (n=1). These are workflow counts, not database-wide estimates. Records were grouped by outcome focus, study design, and possible cohort overlap. Direct mental-health outcomes were present but sparse. A quasi-experimental study in Tehran (n = 94) reported significantly lower stress scores on the DASS-21 two months after a PRECEDE-based education program (P ≤ 0.001). A cross-sectional study in Surakarta, Indonesia, applied the PRECEDE–PROCEED framework to depressive symptoms: strong family support (b = −8.67; 95% CI −11.38 to −5.97; P < 0.001) and peer support (b = −2.79; 95% CI −5.01 to −0.56; P = 0.014) were associated with lower scores. Quality-of-life studies formed adjacent, non-interchangeable evidence. Several records may report overlapping cohorts, so the 10 records may represent as few as six independent studies. The retrieved records support an exploratory map covering older adults’ stress education, depression-related factors, and general quality of life. They do not support estimates of global output, citation impact, co-authorship, or keyword networks. A full bibliometric study requires a defined database search, a complete metadata export, and duplicate-aware screening.