Health promotion sciences Editor-in-Chief: Dr.Fatemeh Pourhaji Manager-in-Charge: Dr.Mohammad Hossein Delshad Publisher: Dr. Mohammad Hossein Delshad Owner: Dr. Mohammad Hossein Delshad Journal Platform & Software Support: Public Knowledge Project (PKP) Hosting Provider: Net Pardaz Asre Ettela'at Company (Nepa) Journal Type: Scientific Publication Period: Quarterly Access Policy: Open Access Publication Format: Electronic Abbreviated key-title: Health promot. sci. Online ISSN: 3115-7564 Linking ISSN (ISSN-L): 3115-7564 Print ISSN: 3115-7564 ISSN Center responsible of the record: ISSN National Centre for Iran The "Health Promotion sciences " journal https://healthpromotionjournal.ir is a scientific and research publication dedicated to enhancing knowledge and awareness in the field of health promotion sciences. This journal aims to publish high-quality scientific and research articles, serving as a credible resource for researchers, professors, students, and professionals in this domain. Goals and Vision: Enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness in health promotion sciences Publishing high-quality scientific and research articles providing a platform for the exchange of information and experiences among researchers and experts contributing to the improvement of community health through the dissemination of scientific findings. Areas of Coverage: Health education Public health, mental health, Environmental health, Health policy-making and other areas related to health promotion Journal Features: Peer review of articles by expert and experienced reviewer’s Electronic publication of articles Open access to articles for the general public Adherence to international standards in article publication. Audience: Researchers, professors, and academic institutions Students in fields related to health promotion sciences Health professionals and experts the general public interested in health-related topics. Why This Journal Matters: With the growing importance of health promotion in various societies, this journal plays a significant role in disseminating scientific findings and contributing to community health improvement. The publication of high-quality, rigorously reviewed articles enhances the journal’s scientific credibility and value. Open access to its articles ensures that a wide range of readers can benefit from its scientific contributions. The "Health Promotion sciences " journal is a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and anyone interested in health topics, working toward the advancement of knowledge and awareness in this field.
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The Effectiveness of Transtheoretical Model-Based Educational Interventions on Drug Cessation; A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
The trans-theoretical model (TTM) is a popular framework for guiding behavioral interventions in substance use disorders. However, the optimal duration and intensity of these interventions are not yet known. This study used the GRADE approach and a dose-response meta-analysis to confirm the robustness of the evidence and to evaluate the effectiveness of TM-based educational interventions for drug discontinuation. In line with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematic searches have been carried out in the databases PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science and Embase until August 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions based on TTM-based drug discontinuation were included in the quality of evidence assessment using the GRADE tool. A meta-analysis of dose responses was conducted to investigate the relationship between duration of treatment (weeks) and efficacy at the end of treatment. Of the 947 identified studies, 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 9,245 participants met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis showed that TTM interventions significantly improved the rate of discontinuation compared with standard care (risk ratio [RR]: 1.58; 95-CI: 1.21-2.06; P<0.001), with modest heterogeneity (I2 = 55). The dose-response analysis revealed a significant non-linear relationship (Pnon−linearity​<0.01); interventions showed a steep increase in efficacy up to 12 weeks and reached a plateau after 24 weeks, whereas brief interventions (<4 weeks) showed limited effects. Analyses of the dose response revealed a significant non-linear relationship (Pnon−linearity<0.01) with a rapid increase in efficacy up to 12 weeks and plateau after 24 weeks, while short-term treatment (less than 4 weeks) had limited effect
Transtheoretical Model (TTM), Drug Cessation, Health Education, Dose-Response Meta-Analysis, GRADE Assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Predicting Safety Behaviour among Cement workers: application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model
Occupational stress is a major psychosocial risk in high-risk sectors such as cement production, where it may impair cognitive functioning and contribute to dangerous behaviours. Despite the link between stress and accidents, there is still little evidence on the use of theory-based interventions in this context. This study assessed the effectiveness of a stress management educational programme, structured in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, in improving safety behaviour of cement workers. A quasi-experimental study was carried out in the cement factory in Zaveh, Iran from 2023 to 2024 with a pre-test, a post-test and a three-month follow-up. A total of 280 male volunteers were recruited and allocated to either the intervention group (n=140) or the control group (n=140). The intervention consisted of six 90-minute interactive sessions that focused on predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors. Data were collected using the validated work stress and safety behaviour questionnaire (SM&SB) and analysed using ANOVA repeated measures and structural equation modelling. The intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in safety awareness, attitudes and behaviours, as well as a reduction in perceived stress relative to the control group (p<0.001). These positive effects were maintained for 3 months. An analysis of the SEM showed that the model explained 33.6 percent of the variance in safety behaviour (R2 = 0.336). The strongest predictors of safety behaviour were perceived stress management skills (beta = 0.47), coping efficiency (beta = 0.46), and support from the supervisor (beta = 0.40). A strong positive correlation between stress reduction and improved safety behaviour (r = 0.58) has been observed. The findings provide strong empirical support for the effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in improving safety behaviour in the cement industry. The study highlights that addressing psychosocial factors - in particular through the development of skills and the strengthening of supervisors - is crucial to promote a safer work environment
Occupational stress, Safety behavior, PRECEDE-PROCEED model, Cement industry, Stress management, Iran.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Pipelle Aspiration versus Dilatation and Curettage in Endometrial Hyperplasia: a Structured Narrative Review in Women Examines the Relationship between Age and Risk of Atypia
Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a common precursor of endometrial cancer and requires precise diagnostic techniques. Pipelike endometrial biopsy has become popular as a minimally invasive outpatient procedure, but its diagnostic reliability in comparison to Dilatation and Curing (D&C), the historical gold standard, is still under debate, particularly among populations such as Iranian women. This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of Pipelle with D&C for EH, focusing on the performance in relation to age and risk stratification based on atypia. A systematic review and a comparative analysis using data from peer reviewed studies involving cohorts from Iran and from international cohorts has been performed. Diagnostic metrics - including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, adequacy of the sample and histopathological concordance - have been extracted and analysed for the age groups and subtypes of hyperplasia. Pipelle demonstrated a high overall concordance with D&C (94.6) and sensitivity and specificity of more than 94 percent for the detection of atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma of the cervix. However, there were significant limitations in postmenopausal women with an inadequate rate of 63 percent and in non-typical EH, where Pipelle showed a higher rate of progression to carcinoma (27.3% vs. 15.0%, p = .022) compared to D&C. The accuracy of the diagnosis was also affected by endometrial thickness (5 mm decreased from Pipelle adequacy to 27%) and patient age (>50 years associated with higher co-morbidity). Pipelle is a reliable first line tool for the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, especially to exclude atypical hyperplasia or tumour. However, D&C is still preferable for definitive diagnosis in postmenopausal women, in cases of endometrial thinness or in the presence of suspected non-atypical hyperplasia. Clinical decision-making should integrate age, menopausal status, body mass index and imaging findings in order to optimise diagnostic results and patient outcomes
Pipelle biopsy, dilation and curettage, endometrial hyperplasia, diagnostic accuracy, atypia, Iranian women, age correlation
Successful Intelligence, Resilience, and Self-Control: Bibliometric Analysis of Links to Adolescent Female Social Health
The social health of adolescent women is a complex concept which depends on their behavioral, emotional and cognitive resources. Although self-control, resilience (also called vitality) and successful intelligence are recognised as critical psychological traits, little is known about how they interact to influence the social health of young women, particularly when analyzed through bibliometric data. This study integrates empirical and theoretical data to examine how these three constructs together predict social well-being among adolescent women. Drawing on the Keyes-Sternberg developmental framework, the Sternberg theory of successful intelligence and synergistic interactions between resilience (β = 0.265), self-control (β = 0.447) and successful intelligence (β = 0.289), this interaction accounts for over 53 percent of the variation in social outcomes (R2 = 0.538, p<0.001). The results highlight the need for comprehensive, gender-sensitive educational interventions that simultaneously improve behavioral control, emotional stability and cognitive flexibility. This paper also identifies important gaps in the literature, such as the lack of a longitudinal design, reliance on self-reported measures and lack of cultural diversity in the design and research trends linking these constructs to the social well-being of young women. In addition, it supports bibliometric mapping
successful intelligence, resilience, self-control, social health, adolescent girls, bibliometric analysis.
Mapping the Intersection of Mental Health, Quality of Life, and Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis
A thorough bibliometric analysis of research on dysmenorrhea: patterns worldwide, relevant data and emerging trends. In addition to mapping global trends, identifying key contributors and research hotspots, and synthesizing findings on the clinical impact of the disease, in particular its key links with mental health and quality of life, the study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of dysmenorrhoea research. To monitor the thematic development of this field, we have examined three decades of publications, mostly from the Science Core website. We focused on metrics such as annual output, geographical productivity, impact on citations, authorship, institutional collaboration, and keyword ownership. Since 2010, the volume of research conducted on dysmenorrhea has increased dramatically worldwide, demonstrating that it is a robust field of inquiry. China had the highest number of publications (n = 38) and the US had the highest average number of citations per paper (12.4), which suggests a higher impact per paper. Despite this success, international cooperation remains low, indicating that most research is conducted within national silos. The main thematic areas are pathogenesis (prostaglandins, inflammatory disorders), different therapeutic approaches (pharmacological and non-pharmacological), and public health effects. An important new field is the study of functional brain connections and the neurobiological causes of persistent menstrual pain. Clinical data show that primary dysmenorrhoea is very common (around 70-71 percent) and has important consequences such as reduced quality of life and school absenteeism (14-21 percent). Importantly, there is a strong inverse correlation between the severity of dysmenorrhoea and mental health, with severe pain being significantly correlated to depressive symptoms (PR 2.89) and depression (PR 2.60). Dysmenorrhoea is one of the most common and difficult global health problems. The strong and empirically supported link between this condition and poor mental health illustrates the inadequacies of the single-pharmaceutics approach. To address the full physical, emotional and social burden of the disease, the future of clinical practice will require a biopsychosocial approach that includes psychological interventions such as mental health education programmers. Continuing mechanistic research into neurobiological and genetic factors and increasing international cooperation are essential for the future of this area
Bibliometrics, Adolescent Health, School-Based Intervention, Menstrual Disorders.
The Relationship Between Self-Concept, Self-Differentiation, and Cognitive Flexibility in University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Self-concept, self-differentiation and cognitive flexibility are key to the adjustment of students, but their interaction is poorly synthesized and the considerable conceptual overlap between self-concept and self-differentiation is not addressed. The aim of this study was to (1) quantify the association between these constructs through meta-analysis and (2) propose and empirically test a self-consistency model to resolve their statistical and conceptual interdependencies. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PsycINFO, Scopus, PubMed, and the Science Web site for studies that reported correlations between these constructs in undergraduate students. For the meta-analysis, a random effect model was used, and heterogeneity was assessed by means of the I² statistic. Of the 450 records, 15 studies were included (N=5,842). The pooled correlation between self-reported self-esteem and cognitive flexibility was r = 0.35, 95 percent confidence interval [0.26 to 0.44], p< .001. The association between self-reported differentiation and cognitive flexibility was r = 0.28, 95 percent confidence interval [0.19 to 0.37], p< .001. Critically, a very strong correlation between self-reported self-concept and self-reported self-differentiation was found (r = 0.76, 95 percent confidence interval [0.68, 0.82], p< .001), which indicates a significant overlap. These findings support a strong network of positive associations. The high correlation between self-concept and self-differentiation provides empirical support for the self-consistency model, according to which a unified self-image is the basis for cognitive adaptation. This model offers a more theoretical and statistical framework for understanding the psychological health of students.
The Correlation between Emotional Empathy and Communication Schemas in Women affected by Partner Infidelity
Background: In today's world, the issues and challenges of human relationships, especially couple relationships, are one of the most important areas of psychological and social research. One of the most important problems that can disrupt couple relationships is infidelity. Infidelity in marital relationships, as an emotional, psychological, and social crisis, can have devastating effects on individuals' individual and shared lives. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the correlation between emotional empathy and communication schemas in women affected by partner infidelity, 2025. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 380 women affected by partner infidelity that referred to Mashhad Health Centers. The research instrument consisted of Sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes towards extramarital affairs, couple relationship schemas, empathy, and perceived self-compassion - short form questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the SPSS V.26, and Amos-24 software and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and structural equations with path analysis method. Result: The mean age of participants was 29.62±6.61 years. The results of the study showed that perceived self-compassion plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional empathy and attitudes towards extramarital affairs in participants. Also, couples' communication schemas and emotional empathy have a significant relationship with attitudes towards extramarital affairs. In addition, perceived self-compassion plays a significant mediating role in the interaction with couples' communication schemas in relation to attitudes towards extramarital affairs. Conclusion: These findings indicate the importance of paying attention to psychological components such as self-compassion and empathy in psychological interventions for women affected by infidelity in order to reduce negative attitudes towards extramarital affairs and strengthen couple relationships.
Narrative Review of Patient-centred Models and Health Systems Strategies in a Global Context to Advance Post-Stroke Care
Strokes require coordinated post-acute care to maximise recovery and quality of life, as they are a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. This narrative review summarises recent research (2019-2024) on patient-centred models of post-stroke care, health system interventions and treatment strategies. The search was done systematically using keywords related to stroke rehabilitation, case management, care pathways and equity across the reference databases PubMed, Scopus, Science Web and Google Scholar. Five major studies were reviewed, representing different contexts, such as Poland, the USA and India. The results demonstrate the value of case management by nurses, integrated care models, culturally appropriate interventions in underprivileged groups and standardised care pathways such as IMPACTUS. Basic ideas of continuity of care, interdisciplinary teamwork and empowerment of patients are becoming universal, despite the differences in the context. The low-resource environment remains a challenge, particularly as regards infrastructure and labour capacity. We propose a hybrid framework combining local adaptability with international best practice. Cost-benefit studies and implementation science in low and middle income countries should be a high priority for future research
post-stroke care, case management, health system interventions, stroke rehabilitation, care pathway
Beyond the Pain, Despite Knowing about their Lower Back Pain, why aren't the Nurses doing anything about it?
Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a silent epidemic among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses that threatens personal health and quality of care. The issue, however, extends beyond mere prevalence: why are nurses, despite their awareness, unable to act to manage their own health? An illuminating cross-sectional study conducted on 366 ICU nurses used the Health Belief Model and tools such as the Patient Activation Measure (PAMQ) to delve into this paradox. The study's key finding reveals a deep gap between awareness (with a score of 75.1%) and action (with an overall activation level of 69.0%). Regression analysis shows this inaction is rooted in factors beyond individual knowledge: "presenteeism" (working while sick) and a lack of "perceived social support" act as the primary predictors, explaining 63.9% of the variance in behavior. This study clearly shows that the solution is not more theoretical training. Instead, interventions must shift toward changing organizational culture, creating real support systems, and strengthening nurses' self-efficacy to break this vicious cycle.
ICU, Nurs, Low Back Pain , Occupational Health , Self-management.
The midwife's role as a cultural mediator in perinatal loss: bridging cultures to save lives
A recent qualitative study by Arega et al. is dealt with in this editorial. (2025) on factors contributing to peri-natal mortality in northwest Ethiopia, focusing on the political consequences for public health. According to the study, perinatal loss is not only a clinical issue; it is also the result of harmful traditional practices, cultural beliefs (such as punishment by God) and systemic barriers such as lack of resources, transportation difficulties and substandard care. The most important finding of the study is the identification of the critical role of midwives as a cultural mediator that can bridge the gap between community beliefs and evidence-based medical care. To reduce this silent and avoidable tragedy, the article calls for a multi-pronged strategy that includes funding the cultural competence of midwives, strengthening health systems and helping the midwives' workforce. © 2025 Published by Public Knowledge Project (PKP). 02 - V1.1.article 02
perinatal loss, fetal loss, grief, perceived causes, contributory conditions, social norms, cultural belief, Ethiopia.
An Integrated View of the Hidden Costs of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Beyond the Iron Pill
ABSTRACT. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a widespread worldwide health problem, with women suffering disproportionately. Its effects go beyond fatigue, including severe impaired postural control and increased risk of falls. Results from a recent study by Harrabi and colleagues. are examined in this editorial. They examine the complex mechanisms behind these disturbances of balance and conclude that they are caused by simultaneous deficits in the neurocognitive (due to low ferritin) and physical-muscular (due to low haemoglobin) systems. According to the article, traditional treatment using iron supplements alone is not sufficient to restore full function, because it ignores persistent deficits in proprioception, muscle function, and cognitive fatigue. This paper therefore advocates a paradigm shift towards an integrated, multi-component therapeutic approach combining targeted physical and cognitive rehabilitation with traditional supplementation. The main conclusion is that to effectively improve patient safety and quality of life, the IDA should be managed holistically, considering it as a complex systemic disease rather than a haematological disorder. © 2025 Published by Public Knowledge Project (PKP). V1.1.article 01
Risk assessment, ergonomics, human factors, drowsiness, and occupational fatigue
Facial Anatomy and Its Importance in Health: A Practical Guide for Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
ABSTRACT. The human face, a key indicator of overall health, is a complex and coordinated network of multilayered structures vital for function, identity, and communication. This review article examines facial anatomy from an integrated health perspective, demonstrating how a thorough understanding of its structures is critical for diagnosing diseases, preventing injury, and ensuring the safety of clinical procedures. It explores the superficial layers and the Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) as the first line of defense, the muscles of facial expression as tools for functional health, and the dual innervation system—motor (Facial Nerve, CN VII) and sensory (Trigeminal Nerve, CN V)—as a roadmap to neurological health. Key health implications such as facial palsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and skin infections are analyzed. Furthermore, critical health and safety considerations in medical and aesthetic procedures, including the vascular risks of filler injections and the significance of the "danger triangle," are highlighted. A comprehensive understanding of these relationships is essential for healthcare professionals to provide accurate diagnoses, effective treatments, and preventive care. 04 - V1.1.article 04
Clinical Anatomy, Disease Prevention, Skin Health, Procedural Safety, Bell's Palsy, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Facial Nerve (CN VII), Trigeminal Nerve (CN V), and Facial Health.
Diabetes and Hypertension: An International Health Challenge for 2022-24
Diabetes and hypertension are known to be major risk factors for kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and early death among the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. These two conditions have become more common in recent years in low- and middle-income countries, including Iran. This article analyses scientific data for the period 2022-2024 to investigate the causes of the rise in diabetes and hypertension, their interactions and the treatment options to reduce the global burden. The results show that the main causes of the epidemic are changes in lifestyles, the rise in obesity and poor access to health services. Prevention and control of these diseases also depend heavily on the integration of public education and health care systems. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are a major challenge to global health. In addition to being a threat to health, they are closely linked and increase the risk of complications such as stroke, kidney failure and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes and hypertension have become much more common in Iran and worldwide in recent years, and in 2022-2024, they were identified as the leading cause of death and disability in several communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2045, 700 million people worldwide will have diabetes, up from the current 422 million (WHO, 2021). Similarly, more than 1 in 13 people worldwide have hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2017). The frequent occurrence of these two conditions increases the likelihood of serious complications
Mapping the Nexus of Urban Water Crisis, Social Capital, and Social Determinants of Health: A Bibliometric Analysis
ABSTRACT. Urban water crisis is one of the major problems of the twenty-first century, which is worsened by climate change. Social capital is a key element in community resilience. This study will perform a bibliometric analysis and produce a scientific map of the field. This study uses a bibliometric analysis of a number of relevant scientific publications. We looked at metrics like yearly scientific output, citation patterns, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and author impact. The results indicate a significant surge in publications starting around 2020, reaching a peak of 20 articles in 2024. Research from those years had a significant impact, as evidenced by a notable citation surge in 2005 with over 120 citations and a secondary, notable peak in 2023 with over 80 citations. The Core Crisis (water, climate, risk), The Urban and Geographic Context (city, urban), The Social Dimensions and Impacts (social, capital, policy), and The Research Approach (case study, impact) were the four primary clusters found by keyword analysis. Writers like L. and S. Blancafort. He was determined to be the most influential researcher. Urban water crisis and social capital research is a multidisciplinary and expanding field. Understanding the function of social networks in sustainable water resource management is an area of growing research interest. Future developments should focus on integrating social tactics with advances in infrastructure and technology. © 2025 Published by Public Knowledge Project (PKP). 03 - V1.1.article 03
Urban Resilience, Climate Change, Social Capital, Urban Water Crisis, Bibliometric Analysis
An Overview of the phytochemical, in Vitro, in Vivo, and Clinical Evidence Supporting Rosa Damascena's Antioxidant Potential
This article is a comprehensive narrative review of the published evidence on Rosa damascena antioxidant activity. The main aim is to summarise relevant findings from phytochemical, in vitro, in vivo and limited clinical trials and to identify research gaps that could be addressed in future studies. Given the narrative nature of this review, the results should be seen as a basis for formulating hypotheses rather than conclusive evidence of efficacy. Resources for this review have been collected through searches in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science and Google Scholar until the end of 2025. Keywords included: 'Rosa damascena', 'Damask rose', 'antioxidant', 'oxidative stress', 'DPHP', 'MDA', 'in vivo', and 'clinical studies'. Studies which focused only on the aromatic or aesthetic characteristics of the plant have been excluded. Rosa damascena, also known as the Damask, rose, is a member of the Crassulaceae family and is found in northern Asia and in the mountains of central Europe. For centuries, the plant has been used as a convenient and effective treatment for a wide range of ailments and in traditional medicine for many ailments, such as anti-inflammatory treatments, menstrual bleeding, digestive disorders, heart and chest pain, and abdominal pain. Anti-inflammatory effects of R. damascena and its constituents were shown in different inflammatory disorders by reducing white blood cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, and serum levels of inflammatory mediators such as phospholipase A2 and total protein. This important ornamental plant has long been applied for industrial, physiological, and medicinal purposes. The physiological functions of Damask Rose may be somewhat related to the abundance of anthocyanidins and flavonoids. The plant and its constituents showed antioxidant effects by reducing malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels but increased thiol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in disorders associated with oxidative stress. Therefore anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of R. damascena and its constituents, indicate a potential therapeutic effect of the plant and its constituent for treating inflammatory, oxidative, and immune dysregulation disorders.
Keywords: Rosa damascena, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, phosphomolybdenum method
Why Faith is more important than knowledge in preventing teenage anemia
Teenage anaemia remains a serious public health problem with far-reaching consequences such as stunting and low birth weight of offspring, as well as cognitive impairment and reduced academic performance. A comprehensive understanding of the behavioural factors that influence the behaviour of teenage girls is essential to address this issue. In order to uncover the complex pathways influencing anaemia prevention behaviour, this editorial highlights the value of incorporating the Health Belief Model (HBM), a recognised theoretical framework that explains how individual beliefs and perceptions influence health behaviours, into a path-oriented approach. By looking at concepts such as perceived vulnerability, importance, benefits and barriers, as well as action cues and self-efficiencies, this approach provides important information for designing targeted and well-informed interventions. By emphasising the psychological aspects of healthy behaviour, the HBM provides a strong basis to enable young people to adopt and maintain behaviours that reduce the risk of anaemia, ultimately leading to improved personal and social health
perinatal loss, fetal loss, grief, perceived causes, contributory conditions, social norms, cultural belief.
An ergonomic imperative for the silent epidemic of musculoskeletal disorders in health networks
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), a major occupational health problem in the healthcare sector, are often exacerbated by prolonged uncomfortable or static positions, handling patients and heavy physical workloads. The productivity and welfare of health workers is severely compromised by the high prevalence of these disorders. The purpose of the study was to determine the exact prevalence of multiple sclerosis among medical personnel at the Pardis Health Network of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medicine in Tehran, Iran. The study design used was a cross-sectional design. The multistage cluster sampling was used for the selection of the sample of 90 health care workers. The Orebro questionnaire on musculoskeletal pain was used to collect information on the location and prevalence of MSD. The association between the individual variables and the prevalence of the disorder was examined by statistical analysis. The study confirmed that healthcare workers are at high risk of multiple sclerosis. The highest prevalence of musculo-skeletal disorders was 50 percent, and the lowest was 7 percent. Some disorders showed significant correlations with demographic variables (p<0.05): age and educational status were associated with lower back and arm disorders, and with education level with leg disorders. On the other hand, there was no apparent correlation between these factors and the upper back disorders. The results confirm the importance of personal factors in addition to work-related stress and are consistent with international research. Proactive ergonomic and behavioral interventions are urgently needed, as shown by the high prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Pardis health network. The approval of the shortened version of the Commitment to Action scale for stretching was an important finding that underlined the importance of setting up reliable tools to support preventive stretching practices and successfully reducing the significant burden of MSD on healthcare professionals
Reliability and Validity, exercises, Muscle, Skeletal, Commitment to a plan of action, Health Promotion.